When startups launch, growth goals often center on customer acquisition. The logic is that once you’ve made your product or service indispensable to people’s lives, you’ll have breathing room to ...

Ruzzier, Christian Alejandro. "Asset Specificity and Vertical Integration: Williamson's Hypothesis Reconsidered." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 09-119, April 2009.

For decades, vertical integration meant ownership. According to Michael E. Porter's seminal work Competitive Advantage: Creating and Sustaining Superior Performance, companies sought to reduce costs, ...

Walmart recently opened its first beef processing plant in Kansas, which will allow the retailer to package its own cuts and distribute them directly to its stores. Walmart doesn’t specifically use ...

The Quinto Solar Farm in California, which forms part of Arevon’s operational solar portfolio. Image: Arevon Energy. Size, scale and vertical integration are imperative for success in the richly ...