Abstract: In this paper, we propose a model of a parameter estimator filter for Black Box-type Stochastic Systems (BBSS), that is, only its inputs and outputs are known; considering its intrinsic ...

Required minimum distributions (RMDs) are withdrawals you have to make from most retirement plans (excluding Roth IRAs). The age for withdrawing from retirement accounts was increased in 2020 to 72 ...

dxxx(x,) returns the density or the value on the y-axis of a probability distribution for a discrete value of x pxxx(q,) returns the cumulative density function (CDF) or the area under the curve to ...

Probability distribution is an essential concept in statistics, helping us understand the likelihood of different outcomes in a random experiment. Whether you’re a student, researcher, or professional ...

Normal distribution, also known as Gaussian distribution, is a fundamental concept in statistics that is used to describe the probability distribution of a continuous random variable. In simple terms, ...

The COS method was introduced in Fang & Oosterlee (2008) and then was applied to pricing a variety of stock options for continuous random variables. This paper adapts the Fourier-cosine series (COS) ...

So I'm seeding a database with faker. I have field that allow array of some type. I want to generate multiple array, but with different size. Some where the array is empty, some where the array has 1 ...